The Attitudes of Infertile Women towards Surrogacy in Kerman, 2014

Authors

Abstract

Background: Infertility as a psychological crisis puts too much stress on infertile couples and threatens their mental health in different ways. One of the newest methods of assisted reproduction is surrogacy. Due to unique aspects of surrogacy, this method has been considered as the most controversial assisted reproduction method in the recent years. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the attitudes of infertile women towards surrogacy.


Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed on 236 infertile women referred to the Infertility Center of Afzalipour Hospital, Kerman in 2014. Samples were selected using convenience sampling method. Data were collected by a two-part questionnaire containing demographic information and attitudinal statements. Data were analyzed using logistic regression (P<0.05).


Results: The mean age of infertile women was 30.17±5.93 years and the average years of infertility was 4.93±3.98 years. Most participants had a college degree (42.8%) and were housewives (73.7%). Of 236 infertile women, 82.6 percent had positive attitudes towards surrogacy and 17.4 percent had negative attitudes. There was no statistically significant relationship between attitudes of infertile women and independent variables.


Conclusion: Due to the high positive attitude of infertile women towards surrogacy, making the society aware and creating the culture and basis for more acceptance of this assisted reproduction method by the community is very important. In this case, it can help in preserving family integrity.

Keywords


1. Berek JS. Berek and Novak's Gynecology. 14th ed. Philadelphia: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins; 2007. 2. Jadva V, Murray C, Lycett E, MacCallum F, Golombok S. Surrogacy: the experiences of surrogate mothers. Human Reproduction. 2003 Oct 1;18(10):2196-204. 3. World Health Organization (WHO).Women and health: today's evidence, tomorrow's agenda; 2009 [cited 2015 Mar 8] Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/ publications/2009/9789241563857_eng.pdf. 4. Safarinejad MR. Infertility among couples in a population-based study in Iran: prevalence and associated risk factors. Int J Androl. 2008 Jun;31(3):303-14. 5. Kainz K. The role of the psychologist in the evaluation and treatment of infertility. Womens Health Issues. 2001 Nov-Dec;11(6):481-5. 6. Poote AE, van den Akker OB. British women's attitudes to surrogacy. Hum Reprod. 2009 Jan;24(1):139-45. 7. Karim Zadeh Meybodi MA, Aflatoonian A, Taheripanah R, Dehghani Firouz Abadi R. Infertility evaluation and treatment. Yazd: Publication Institute; 1996. p. 45-26. Persian. 8. Brinsden PR. Gestational surrogacy. Hum Reprod Update. 2003 Sep-Oct;9(5):483-91. 9. Harper JC, Delhanti J, Side H. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis of embryos. Translated by Mozdarani H. 1th ed. Tehran: Tarbiat Modarres University; 2005. 10. Safaei SH. Artificial reproductive medicine and embryo transfer rights with the help of France and Iran. Journal of Law and Political Science. 2004; 64:59-92. 11. Ragone H. Surrogate Motherhood: Conception in the Heart. San Francisco: Westview Press; 1994. 12. Franklin S, Ragone H. Reproducing Reproduction: Kinship, Power, and Technological Innovation. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press; 1998. 13. Geertz C. Local Knowledge: Further Essays in Interpretive Anthropology. 3th ed. NewYork: Basic Books; 2000. 14. Abedinia N, Ramazanzadeh F, Aghssa MM. The relationship between anxiety and depression with duration of infertility. Payesh 2003;2(4):253‑8. Persian. 15. Behdani F, Mousavifar N, Hobrani P, Soltanifar A, Mohammadnezhad M. Anxiety and mood disorders in infertile women referred to Montaserie infertility clinic in Mashhad, North-East Iran. Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gyneocology and Infertility. 2008;11(3):15-23. 16. Besharat MA, Hossein Zadeh Bazargan R. A comparative study of fertile and infertile women’s mental health and sexual problems. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology 2006;12(2):146‑53. Persian. 17. Fritz MA, Speroff L. Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility. 7th ed. Philadelphia: Lippinocott Williams & Wilkins; 2005. 18. Aramesh K. Iran's experience with surrogate motherhood: an Islamic view and ethical concerns. J Med Ethics. 2009 May;35(5):320-2. 19. Iranian Statistics Center. Nationwide Iranian Census; 2011. [cited 2013 May 9]. Available from: http://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/2/pdf/jamiat_shahrestan_keshvar3.pdf 20. Afzali Pour Hospital, Kerman. [cited 2014 Nov 25]. Available from: https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B6%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1 21. Mohebbi Kian E, Riazi H, Bashirian S. Surrogacy: viewpoints of infertile Women. The Iranian Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Infertility. 2013; 16(49): 23-32. Persian. 22. Yousefi H, Ghahari S. Perspectives and challenges of surrogacy in Iran. Journal of Reproduction and Infertility. 2008;9(2):137-43. Persian. 23. Ahmari Tehran H, Jafarbagloo E, Zia Sheikholeslami N, Abedini Z, Heidarpoor A. Surrogacy: infertile women's attitude. Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine. 2010; 4 (1):62-70. Persian. 24. Sohrabvand F, Jafarabadi M. Knowledge and attitudes of infertile couples about assisted reproductive technology. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2005;3(2):90-4. 25. Pashmi M, Tabatabaie SM, Ahmadi SA. Evaluating the experiences of surrogate and intended mothers in terms of surrogacy in Isfahan. Iranian Journal of Reproductive Medicine. 2010;8(1): 33-40. Persian. 26. Rahmani A, Sattarzadeh N, Gholizadeh L, Sheikhalipour Z, Allahbakhshian A, Hassankhani H. Gestational surrogacy: Viewpoint of Iranian infertile women. J Hum Reprod Sci. 2011 Sep-Dec; 4(3): 138–42. 27. Ziaei T, Ghobadi K, Ziaei F. Positive and negative effects of surrogacy from the view of married people in Gorgan Iran. International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics. 2009;107(2): S395.